منابع مشابه
RAGE on the Toll Road?
Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are cellular pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs) that recognize the molecular patterns of pathogens. After engaging the pathogenic patterned ligands, the cytosolic portion of the TLRs in monocytes and macrophages, recruits adaptor proteins, via a receptor-driven signaling cascade, activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB, leading to the expression of pr...
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The link between inflammation and diabetes is well established, but the nature of the link is unresolved. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance are major characteristics of diabetes. A study by Flier and colleagues () identifies Toll-like receptor 4 signaling activated by fatty acids as part of that link. This receptor mediates inflammatory events and insulin resistance in peripheral or...
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Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by Leptospira interrogans, a pathogen transmitted by asymptomatic infected rodents. Leptospiral lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been shown to stimulate murine cells via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4. Host defense mechanisms remain obscure, although TLR4 has been associated with clearing Leptospira. In a recent study, we showed th...
متن کاملValuing Government Guarantees in Toll Road Projects
The participation of private capital in public infrastructure investment projects has been sought by many governments who perceive this as a way to overcome budgetary constraints and foster economic growth. For some types of projects, this investment may require government participation in the form of project guarantees in order to reduce the risk of the private investor. As a consequence, the ...
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One important reason for imposing tolls on roadways is to help reduce traffic congestion by giving an incentive to drivers to carpool, drive at non-toll times, or to seek alternate routes. While there are correlations between traffic volumes and toll rates, many other factors also influence driver decisions, including gas prices, availability of alternate routes, road construction, family incom...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature Reviews Immunology
سال: 2004
ISSN: 1474-1733,1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/nri1390